The impact of digitalisation on skills development in South Africa: A comparative analysis

Authors

  • Tarisai Chikungwa Everson Senior Lecturer, Department of Human Resources Management, Walter Sisulu University, Butterworth Campus, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7568-2697

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36096/ijbes.v7i4.913

Keywords:

Digital divide, Digitalisation, Skills Development, Online learning, cultural insights.

Abstract

This review paper examines how digitisation has affected South Africa's skill development while comparing it to worldwide patterns. This examines the impact of digital transformation on training and development practices, particularly through the utilisation of online learning platforms, virtual reality, and augmented reality to enhance learning experiences and engagement, thereby facilitating improved skills acquisition while addressing cultural issues and the digital divide within a South African context. The analysis consolidates findings from literature and studies undertaken between 2020 and 2024, emphasising the improved accessibility to training materials enabled by digital platforms, particularly for underprivileged communities. Nonetheless, a major difference in the use of these technologies between urban and rural areas is evident, highlighting considerable obstacles associated with infrastructure and digital literacy. The review underscores the significance of culturally pertinent frameworks in the execution of digital skills training. Evidence indicates that these frameworks augment involvement and boost outcomes among varied people, addressing particular socioeconomic settings in South Africa. This research emphasises the need for inclusive and contextually relevant strategies to effectively incorporate digital technology into skills development projects by comparing case studies from both emerging and developed economies. The findings underscore that although digitisation has substantial potential for improving skills development, it is essential to tackle institutional constraints and guarantee equitable access to attain favourable outcomes across all communities

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Afzal, A., Khan, S., Daud, S., Ahmad, Z., & Butt, A. (2023). Addressing the digital divide: Access and use of technology in education. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(2), 883–896. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.326

Albakri, M. (2025). Bridging the digital transformation divide paradox in UK business communities. In Perspectives on Digital Transformation in Contemporary Business (pp. 1–24). IGI Global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-5966-2.ch001

Alhazmi, H., Imran, A., & Alsheikh, M. A. (2021). Digital divide and social dilemma of privacy preservation. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2110.13481

Aruleba, K., & Jere, N. (2022). Exploring digital transforming challenges in rural areas of South Africa through a systematic review of empirical studies. Scientific African, 16, e01190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01190

Azionya, C. M., & Nhedzi, A. (2021). The digital divide and higher education challenge with emergency online learning: Analysis of tweets in the wake of the COVID-19 lockdown. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 22(4), 164–180. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1002822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1002822

Azubuike, O. B., Adegboye, O., & Quadri, H. (2021). Who gets to learn in a pandemic? Exploring the digital divide in remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2, 100022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100022

Badiuzzaman, M., Rafiquzzaman, M., Rabby, M. I. I., & Rahman, M. M. (2021). The latent digital divide and its drivers in e-learning among Bangladeshi students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Information, 12(8), 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/info12080287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/info12080287

Baticulon, R. E., Sy, J. J., Alberto, N. R. I., Baron, M. B. C., Mabulay, R. E. C., Rizada, L. G. T., ... & Reyes, J. C. B. (2021). Barriers to online learning in the time of COVID-19: A national survey of medical students in the Philippines. Medical Science Educator, 31(2), 615–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-021-01231-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-021-01231-z

Ben, S. (2023). Digital infrastructure: Overcoming digital divide in emerging economies. G20 Insights. https://www.g20-insights.org/policy_briefs/digital-infrastructure-overcoming-digital-divide-emerging-economies/

Bhada, S. V., Canfield, C., & Wyglinski, A. M. (2021). A transdisciplinary socio-technical systems approach: Wireless solutions for the digital divide. 2021 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/SysCon48628.2021.9447064 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SysCon48628.2021.9447064

Bo, N. S. W. (2024). OECD digital education outlook 2023: Towards an effective education ecosystem. Hungarian Educational Research Journal, 14(1), 1-5.

Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development. (2021). Connecting South Africa: A report on the state of broadband access.

Chimbunde, P. (2023). Funding the online teaching and learning in developing countries: Insights from Zimbabwe. Educational Technology Research and Development, 71(2), 753–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-022-10163-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-022-10163-3

Chomunorwa, S., Mashonganyika, E. S., & Marevesa, A. (2023). Digital transformation and post-Covid-19 education in South Africa: A review of literature. South African Computer Journal, 35(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.18489/sacj.v35i1.1101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18489/sacj.v35i1.1101

Cukurova, M., Miao, X., & Brooker, R. A. (2023). Adoption of artificial intelligence in schools: Unveiling factors influencing teachers engagement. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2304.09849 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36272-9_13

Eberle, J., & Hobrecht, J. (2021). The lonely struggle with autonomy: A case study of first-year university students’ experiences during emergency online teaching. Computers in Human Behavior, 121, 106804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106804 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106804

Fakhrudin, A., & Haryanto, H. (2023). Digital literacy analysis of primary school students. KnE Social Sciences, 60–68. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i8.13280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i8.13280

Gabriel, F., Marrone, R., Sebille, Y. V., Kovanovi?, V., & de Laat, M. (2022). Digital education strategies around the world: Practices and policies. Irish Educational Studies, 41(1), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2021.2022513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2021.2022513

Gkrimpizi, T., Peristeras, V., & Magnisalis, I. (2023). Classification of barriers to digital transformation in higher education institutions: Systematic literature review. Education Sciences, 13(7), 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13070746 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13070746

Hamburg, I. (2021). Reskilling within digital lifelong learning and entrepreneurship in vocational education. Language Education and Culture Research, 1(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.22158/lecr.v1n1p26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22158/lecr.v1n1p26

Hanafizadeh, M. R., Hanafizadeh, P., & Bohlin, E. (2012). Digital divide and e-readiness: Trends and gaps. In Digital Democracy: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 1045–1063). IGI Global.

Heeks, R. (2022). Digital inequality beyond the digital divide: Conceptualizing adverse digital incorporation in the global South. Information, Communication & Society, 25(11), 1620-1637.

Hernandez, K., & Roberts, T. (2018). Leaving no one behind in a digital world. Institute of Development Studies. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/14147

Himma-Kadakas, M., & Kõuts-Klemm, R. (2023). Developing an advanced digital society: An Estonian case study. In Internet in the Post-Soviet Area: Technological, Economic and Political Aspects (pp. 109–133). Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32507-6_6

Independent Communications Authority of South Africa. (2021). State of ICT sector report of South Africa.

Johansen, J., Noll, J., & Johansen, C. (2022). InfoInternet for education in the Global South: A study of applications enabled by free information-only internet access in technologically disadvantaged areas. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 14(3), 642–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2021.1916301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2021.1884326

Kibera, T., & Agwata, J. (2022). Assessing the effectiveness of the Digital Literacy Programme in Kenya: Impacts on higher education. East African Journal of Education Studies, 5(2), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.46281/eajes.v5i2.920

Kok, I., Bester, P., & Esterhuizen, H. (2016). Late departures from paper-based to supported networked learning in South Africa: Lessons learned. In Revolutionizing modern education through meaningful e-learning implementation (pp. 202–219). IGI Global.

Kumar, R., & Ganesh, R. S. (2022). Dealing with online and blended education in India. Decision, 49(2), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40622-022-00320-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40622-022-00320-1

Lai, J., & Widmar, N. O. (2021). Revisiting the digital divide in the COVID?19 era. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 43(1), 458–464. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13104

Lempinen, S., Kiesi, I., Nivanaho, N., & Seppänen, P. (2024). Digital transformation and discourses of change commodify Finnish public education. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40841-024-00305-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40841-024-00357-z

Lichand, G., Dória, C. A., Leal Neto, O., & Campos, J. P. (2022). The impacts of remote learning in secondary education during the pandemic in Brazil. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(8), 1079–1086. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01350-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01350-6

Lomax, J., Mitchell, K., & Ndlovu, T. (2023). Comparative perspectives on digital transformation in education: Lessons from South Africa and beyond. Global Journal of Educational Studies, 11(2), 101–115.

Lufungulo, E. S., Jia, J., Mulubale, S., Mambwe, E., & Mwila, K. (2023). Innovations and strategies during online teaching in an EdTech low-resourced university. SN Computer Science, 4(4), 316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-023-01729-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-023-01729-w

Marais, E. (2023). The development of digital competencies in pre-service teachers. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 8(3), 134–149. https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2023.28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2023.28

Masimba, F., Appiah, M., & Zuva, T. (2019). A review of cultural influence on technology acceptance. 2019 International Multidisciplinary Information Technology and Engineering Conference (IMITEC), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/IMITEC45504.2019.9015877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IMITEC45504.2019.9015877

Milazzo, M. P., Richey, C., Piatek, J. L., Vaughan, A., & Venkatesan, A. (2021). The growing digital divide and its negative impacts on NASA’s future workforce. Bulletin of the AAS, 53(4), 519. https://doi.org/10.3847/25c2cfeb.20f73bfd DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/25c2cfeb.20f73bfd

Mitchell, F. R. (2010). The global digital divide. In The Handbook of Internet Politics (pp. 95–109). Routledge.

Molala, T. S., & Makhubele, J. C. (2021). The connection between digital divide and social exclusion: Implications for social work. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 9(4), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9427 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9427

Mpungose, C. B. (2020). Emergent transition from face-to-face to online learning in a South African university in the context of the Coronavirus pandemic. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 7(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00603-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00603-x

Musundire, A., & Mumanyi, O. (2020). Exploring challenges, opportunities and prospects associated with higher education student funding in the context of South Africa. Journal of Management & Administration, 2020(1), 101–122.

Mwebi, R. B. (2021). Corona virus and education crisis in Kenya: Lessons learnt. European Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 2(3), 133–138. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2021.2.3.99 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2021.2.3.99

Ndibalema, P. (2022). Constraints of transition to online distance learning in higher education institutions during COVID-19 in developing countries: A systematic review. E-Learning and Digital Media, 19(6), 595–611. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530221107510 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530221107510

Ndlovu, M., & Bvuma, G. (2022). Connectivity and the digital divide in South African higher education. African Journal of Information and Communication, 29, 1–20.

Ndzinisa, N., & Dlamini, R. (2022). Responsiveness vs. accessibility: Pandemic-driven shift to remote teaching and online learning. Higher Education Research & Development, 41(7), 2262–2277. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2021.1993297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2021.2019199

Ngwenya, S. O., Heymann, R., Swart, T. G., & Lysko, A. A. (2023). A comparative analysis of urban and rural broadband penetration and access trends in South Africa. Proceedings of the 17th Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (MCCSIS 2023).

Nguyen, L. A. T., & Habók, A. (2023). Tools for assessing teacher digital literacy: A review. Journal of Computers in Education, 11(1), 305–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-022-00257-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-022-00257-5

Núñez-Canal, M., de Obesso, M. D. L. M., & Pérez-Rivero, C. A. (2022). New challenges in higher education: A study of the digital competence of educators in Covid times. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121270 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121270

Olaniran, S. O., & Maphalala, M. C. (2020). Rethinking technological learning spaces for effective teaching and learning in higher education institutions: A perspective from South Africa. International Journal of Education and Practice, 8(4), 695–704. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.61.2020.84.695.704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.61.2020.84.695.704

Omorobi, O. G., Clement, E. I., & Onyinye, C. (2021). Digital divide and online instruction delivery readiness among Nigerian universities in an era of COVID-19. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 7(4), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.74.177.186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.74.177.186

Phelps, A., & Vlachopoulos, D. (2020). Successful transition to synchronous learning environments in distance education: A research on entry-level synchronous facilitator competencies. Education and Information Technologies, 25(3), 1511–1527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10022-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09989-x

Phillips, B., & Shipps, B. (2022). The persistent digital divide: The case study of a minority serving institution. Journal of the Southern Association for Information Systems, 9(2), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.17705/3jsis.00025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17705/3JSIS.00025

Renganayagalu, S. K., Mallam, S., & Nazir, S. (2021). Effectiveness of VR head mounted displays in professional training: A systematic review. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 26(4), 999–1025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-020-09489-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-020-09489-9

Roumell, E. A., & Salajan, F. D. (2015). The evolution of U.S. e-learning policy. Educational Policy, 29(6), 875–901. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904814550070 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904814550070

Salmi, J., & D’Addio, A. (2021). Policies for achieving inclusion in higher education. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 5(1), 47–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2020.1835529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2020.1835529

Sparks, C. (2013). What is the “digital divide” and why is it important? Javnost - The Public, 20(2), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2013.11009113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2013.11009113

Sun, S., Lee, P., & Law, R. (2019). Impact of cultural values on technology acceptance and technology readiness. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.06.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.06.017

Syahrin, S., Almashiki, K., & Alzaanin, E. I. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 on digital competence. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 14(1), 503-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2023.0140156

Thapa, A. B. (2022). Technology integration for quality education: A study for equity and justice. Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v8i1.46456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v8i1.46456

Valdez, J. P. M., & Mendoza, N. B. (2024). Digital learning for preschools: Validation of basic ICT competence beliefs of preschool teachers in Hong Kong and the Philippines. Education and Information Technologies, 29(14), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12591-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12591-5

van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2005). The network society: Social aspects of new media. Sage Publications.

van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2017). Digital divide: Impact of access. In The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects (pp. 1–11). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0043

van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2020). The digital divide. Polity Press.

Wang, F., King, R. B., Fu, L., Chai, C. S., & Leung, S. O. (2023). Overcoming adversity: Exploring the key predictors of academic resilience in science. International Journal of Science Education, 45(1), 1238–1258. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2023.2231117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2023.2231117

Watson, L. W. (2001). Access and technology. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2001(116), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/cc.41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cc.41

Winter, M. (2022). Brazilian digital learning strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on socio-educational gaps. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 24(2), 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52214/cice.v24i2.9712

Xiao, A., Xu, Z., Škare, M., Qin, Y., & Wang, X. (2024). Bridging the digital divide: The impact of technological innovation on income inequality and human interactions. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03307-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03307-8

Downloads

Published

2025-08-13

How to Cite

Everson, T. C. (2025). The impact of digitalisation on skills development in South Africa: A comparative analysis. International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy (2687-2293), 7(4), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.36096/ijbes.v7i4.913

Issue

Section

Organizational Development and HRM